This project provides an understanding of the impacts of misalignment on the integrity of girth welds and rational limits for misalignment for incorporation into existing standards. Two sets of recommendations were developed in this project: (1) recommendations on the incorporation of rational limits for misalignment into workmanship criteria, and (2) recommendations on rational limits for misalignment for applications of alternative flaw acceptance criteria, such that those in API 1104 Annex A and CSA Z662 Annex K.